Losses

Energy loss in fluid motion is directly proportional to where is the velocity.

Types

Local loss

Occurs when there is a sudden change in flow.

Here:

• - local loss coefficient
• - velocity
• - gravitational acceleration

Friction loss

Occurs because of

• viscosity
• friction between fluid and pipe wall

When the fluid is under turbulent flow:

Here:

• - friction factor
• - length of the pipe
• - diameter of the pipe
• - velocity
• - gravitational acceleration