Built-in Functions

Only the required built-in functions for S1 are mentioned here.

bin

Converts an integer to a binary string.

print(bin(10))  # Output: '0b1010'

chr

Returns the string representing a character for the given Unicode code.

print(chr(97))  # Output: 'a'

complex

Creates a complex number.

print(complex(1, 2))  # Output: (1+2j)

dict

Creates a dictionary.

print(dict(a=1, b=2))  # Output: {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

float

Converts a number or string to a float.

print(float("3.14"))  # Output: 3.14

hex

Converts an integer to a hexadecimal string.

print(hex(255))  # Output: '0xff'

id

Returns the identity of an object.

print(id(5))  # Output: (an integer)

int

Converts a number or string to an integer.

print(int("10"))  # Output: 10

len

Used to return the number of items in an object. Commonly used with sequences (like lists, tuples, and strings) and collections (like dictionaries and sets).

# Example with a list
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(len(fruits))  # Output: 3

# Example with a string
name = "Alice"
print(len(name))  # Output: 5

max

Returns the largest item.

print(max(1, 2, 3))  # Output: 3

min

Returns the smallest item.

print(min(1, 2, 3))  # Output: 1

open

Opens a file and returns a file object. The open function is fundamental for file operations in Python.

Basic syntax: open(filename, mode='r', encoding=None)

Common modes:

• 'r': Read (default)
• 'w': Write (overwrites)
• 'a': Append
• 'b': Binary mode

# Reading a file
with open('file.txt', 'r') as f:
  content = f.read()
  print(content)

# Writing to a file
with open('output.txt', 'w') as f:
  f.write('Hello, World!')

# Appending to a file
with open('log.txt', 'a') as f:
  f.write('New log entry\n')

When with statement is used, the file will be automatically closed after use. If not, the file has to be closed using f.close().

ord

Returns the Unicode code for a given character.

print(ord('a'))  # Output: 97

pow

Returns the power of a number.

print(pow(2, 3))  # Output: 8

print

Prints to the console.

print("Hello, World!")  # Output: Hello, World!

range

Used to generate a sequence of numbers. Commonly used in for loops to iterate over a sequence of numbers. The range function can take 1, or 2, or 3 arguments, similar to string slicing.

1. range(stop): Generates numbers from 0 to stop - 1.
2. range(start, stop): Generates numbers from start to stop - 1.
3. range(start, stop, step): Generates numbers from start to stop - 1, incrementing by step.

Here are some examples:

# Using range with one argument
for i in range(5):
  print(i)  # Output: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

# Using range with two arguments
for i in range(2, 5):
  print(i)  # Output: 2, 3, 4

# Using range with three arguments
for i in range(1, 10, 2):
  print(i)  # Output: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9

The range function returns an immutable sequence type, which can be converted to a list if needed:

numbers = list(range(5))
print(numbers)  # Output: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

reversed

Returns a reversed iterator.

print(list(reversed([1, 2, 3])))  # Output: [3, 2, 1]

round

Rounds a number to a specified number of digits.

print(round(3.14159, 2))  # Output: 3.14

set

Creates a set.

print(set([1, 2, 3]))  # Output: {1, 2, 3}

str

Converts an object to a string.

print(str(123))  # Output: '123'

sum

Returns the sum of a collection.

print(sum([1, 2, 3]))  # Output: 6

tuple

Creates a tuple.

print(set([1, 2, 3]))  # Output: {1, 2, 3}

type

Returns the type of an object.

print(type(123))  # Output: <class 'int'>